Kratom Research - All Of It

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Abdullah, Hafez Mohammad Ammar, Iqra Haq, and Randall Lamfers. 2019. “Cardiac Arrest in a Young Healthy Male Patient Secondary to Kratom Ingestion: Is This ‘Legal High’ Substance More Dangerous than Initially Thought ?” BMJ Case Reports 12 (7). https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2019-229778.

Abdullah, Haq, and Lamfers. 2019. “Cardiac Arrest in a Young Healthy Male Patient Secondary to Kratom Ingestion: Is This’ Legal High'substance More Dangerous than Initially Thought?” BMJ Case Reports CP. https://casereports.bmj.com/content/12/7/e229778.abstract.

Abdullah, Mfilb, Darshan Singh, Suresh Narayanan, Azlan Abdul Rahim, and Balasingam Vicknasingam. 2019. “Socio-Demographic Characteristics, Kratom Use and Quality of Life (QoL) of Regular Kratom (Mitragyna Speciosa Korth.) Users.” Malays. J. Med. Health Sci 15: 4–9. https://medic.upm.edu.my/upload/dokumen/2019093015434701_MJMHS_0004.pdf.

“ACMT 2020 Annual Scientific Meeting Abstracts - New York, NY.” 2020. Journal of Medical Toxicology: Official Journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology, February, 116–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-020-00759-7.

Adkins, Jessica E., Edward W. Boyer, and Christopher R. McCurdy. 2011a. “Mitragyna Speciosa, a Psychoactive Tree from Southeast Asia with Opioid Activity.” Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 11 (9): 1165–75. https://doi.org/10.2174/156802611795371305.

———. 2011b. “Mitragyna Speciosa, a Psychoactive Tree from Southeast Asia with Opioid Activity.” Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 11 (9): 1165–75. https://doi.org/10.2174/156802611795371305.

Afzal, Hasnain, Michael Esang, and Sabreen Rahman. 2020a. “A Case of Kratom-Induced Seizures.” Cureus 12 (1): e6588. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.6588.

———. 2020b. “A Case of Kratom-Induced Seizures.” Cureus 12 (1): e6588. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.6588.

Aggarwal, Geeta, Edward Robertson, James McKinlay, and Edward Walter. 2018. “Death from Kratom Toxicity and the Possible Role of Intralipid.” Pediatric Critical Care Medicine: A Journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies 19 (1): 61–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/1751143717712652.

Ahmad, Islamudin, Wisnu Cahyo Prabowo, Muhammad Arifuddin, Jaka Fadraersada, Niken Indriyanti, Herman Herman, Reza Yuridian Purwoko, Firzan Nainu, Anton Rahmadi, Swandari Paramita, Hadi Kuncoro, Nur Mita, Angga Cipta Narsa, Fajar Prasetya, Arsyik Ibrahim, Laode Rijai, Gemini Alam, Abdul Mun’im, and Sukanya Dej-Adisai. 2022. “Mitragyna Species as Pharmacological Agents: From Abuse to Promising Pharmaceutical Products.” Life 12 (2): 193. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12020193.

Ahmad, Islamudin, Wisnu Cahyo Prabowo, Muhammad Arifuddin, Jaka Fadraersada, Niken Indriyanti, Herman Herman, Reza Yuridian Purwoko, Firzan Nainu, Anton Rahmadi, Swandari Paramita, Hadi Kuncoro, Nur Mita, Angga Cipta Narsa, Fajar Prasetya, Arsyik Ibrahim, Laode Rijai, Gemini Alam, Abdul Mun’im, and Sukanya Dej-adisai. 2022. “Mitragyna Species as Pharmacological Agents: From Abuse to Promising Pharmaceutical Products.” Life 12 (2): 193. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12020193.

Ahmad, Kamarudin, and Zoriah Aziz. 2012. “Mitragyna Speciosa Use in the Northern States of Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 141 (1): 446–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.009.

“AKA Rally 09-26-2023.pdf.” n.d.

Aldyab, Mahmoud, Peter F. Ells, Rosa Bui, Timothy D. Chapman, and Hwajeong Lee. 2019. “Kratom-Induced Cholestatic Liver Injury Mimicking Anti-Mitochondrial Antibody-Negative Primary Biliary Cholangitis: A Case Report and Review of Literature.” Gastroenterology Research and Practice 12 (4): 211–15. https://doi.org/10.14740/gr1204.

Allison, Devin R., Muhammad Mubarak, Neal Sharma, and Deepthi S. Rao. 2022. “Kratom (Mitragyna Speciosa)-Induced Hepatitis.” ACG Case Reports Journal 9 (4): e00715. https://doi.org/10.14309/crj.0000000000000715.

Alsarraf, Emad, Jamie Myers, Sarah Culbreth, and John Fanikos. 2019. “Kratom from Head to Toe—Case Reviews of Adverse Events and Toxicities.” Current Emergency and Hospital Medicine Reports 7 (4): 141–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40138-019-00194-1.

American Medical Association House of Delegates. 2023. “Regulate Kratom and Ban Over-The-Counter Sales.” Resolution 515 (A-23). Mississippi.

Anand, Akhil, and Avinash Hosanagar. 2021. “The Addictive Potential and Challenges With Use of the ‘Herbal Supplement’ Kratom: A Case Report and Literature Review.” Pain Medicine , April. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnab126.

Angyal, Péter, Kristóf Hegedüs, Bence Balázs Mészáros, János Daru, Ádám Dudás, Anna Rita Galambos, Nariman Essmat, Mahmoud Al-Khrasani, Szilárd Varga, and Tibor Soós. 2023a. “Gram-Scale Syntheses of Kratom Pseudoindoxyl Metabolites: Illuminating the Dynamic Stereochemistry and the Resulting Structural Plasticity of Mitragynine Pseudoindoxyl.” ChemRxiv, February. https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/63dab15989c04b6693c92cba.

———. 2023b. “Total Synthesis and Structural Plasticity of Kratom Pseudoindoxyl Metabolites.” Angewandte Chemie , June, e202303700. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202303700.

Annas, Salleh, Wan Mastura, Shaik Mossadeq, and Arifah Abdul Kadir. 2020. “TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.” pertanika2.upm.edu.my. 2020. http://pertanika2.upm.edu.my/resour...S Vol. 43 (2) May. 2020/08 JTAS-1896-2019.pdf.

Anwar, Mehruba, Royal Law, and Josh Schier. 2016. “Notes from the Field: Kratom (Mitragyna Speciosa) Exposures Reported to Poison centers—United States, 2010--2015.” MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 65 (29): 748–49. https://www.pbso.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kratom.pdf.

Anwar, Rukhsana, Abas Hj Hussin, Sabariah Ismail, and Sharif Mahsufi Mansor. 2012. “In Vitro Effect of Mitragynine (a Major Alkaloid of Mitragyna Speciosa Korth) on Aminopyrine Metabolism in Rat Hepatocytes.” International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 3 (7): 2238. https://www.researchgate.net/profil...aminopyrine-metabolism-in-rat-hepatocytes.pdf.

Apryani, Evhy, M. Taufik Hidayat, M. A. A. Moklas, S. Fakurazi, and N. Farah Idayu. 2010. “Effects of Mitragynine from Mitragyna Speciosa Korth Leaves on Working Memory.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 129 (3): 357–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.03.036.

Arhin, Martin, Julian Mobley, Hamad Hamad, and Paul Remick. 2023. “Successful Management of Kratom Use Disorder With Buprenorphine and Naloxone.” Cureus 15 (6): e41146. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.41146.

Arndt, Torsten, Ulrich Claussen, Brunhilde Güssregen, Stefanie Schröfel, Birgit Stürzer, Annika Werle, and Gerald Wolf. 2011. “Kratom Alkaloids and O-Desmethyltramadol in Urine of a ‘Krypton’ Herbal Mixture Consumer.” Forensic Science International 208 (1-3): 47–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.10.025.

Assanangkornchai, Sawitri, Anocha Muekthong, Nisan Sam-angsri, and Uriwan Pattanasattayawong. 2007. “The Use of Mitragynine Speciosa (‘Krathom’), an Addictive Plant, in Thailand.” Substance Use & Misuse 42 (14): 2145–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826080701205869.

Azizi, Juzaili, Sabariah Ismail, and Sharif Mahsufi Mansor. 2013. “Mitragyna Speciosa Korth Leaves Extracts Induced the CYP450 Catalyzed Aminopyrine-N-Demethylase (APND) and UDP-Glucuronosyl Transferase (UGT) Activities in Male Sprague-Dawley Rat Livers.” Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions 28 (2): 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1515/dmdi-2012-0039.

Bahji, Anees, M. Eugenia Socías, and Paxton Bach. 2022. “Cases: Multiorgan Failure in a 38-Year-Old Man with Recent Consumption of Kratom, an Atypical Opioid.” Psychiatry Research Case Reports, December, 100088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psycr.2022.100088.

Bailey, Brianna. 2010. “Cash Seeks Reduced Sentence.” The Journal Record. October 15, 2010. https://journalrecord.com/2010/10/14/cash-seeks-reduced-sentence-law/.

———. 2013. “Former CEO of Oklahoma City Company to Be Released from Prison.” Oklahoman. August 13, 2013. https://www.oklahoman.com/story/bus...mpany-to-be-released-from-prison/60891179007/.

Basheer, Murtadha, Zurina Hassan, and Lay-Harn Gam. 2023. “Upregulation of Brain’s Calcium Binding Proteins in Mitragynine Dependence: A Potential Cellular Mechanism to Addiction.” International Journal of Medical Sciences 20 (1): 102–13. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.78861.

Basheer, Murtadha, Rana Khudhair Jasim, and Gam Lay Harn. 2022. “Controversial Usages of Kratom (Mitragyna Speciosa): For Good or for Evil.” World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics 11 (3): 16–26. https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3192/full/v11/i3/16.htm.

Basiliere, Stephanie, and Sarah Kerrigan. 2020. “CYP450-Mediated Metabolism of Mitragynine and Investigation of Metabolites in Human Urine.” Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44 (4): 301–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz108.

———. n.d. “Phase I Metabolism of Mitragynine Using in Vitro Methods.” Accessed July 25, 2023. http://www.ifrti.org/documents/research/2018/Basiliere_Phase 1 Metabolism_Oct 2018.pdf.

Bath, Rhiannon, Tanner Bucholz, Amy F. Buros, Darshan Singh, Kirsten E. Smith, Charles A. Veltri, and Oliver Grundmann. 2020. “Self-Reported Health Diagnoses and Demographic Correlates With Kratom Use: Results From an Online Survey.” Journal of Addiction Medicine 14 (3): 244–52. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000570.

Behnood-Rod, Azin, Ranjithkumar Chellian, Ryann Wilson, Takato Hiranita, Abhisheak Sharma, Francisco Leon, Christopher R. McCurdy, Lance R. McMahon, and Adriaan W. Bruijnzeel. 2020. “Evaluation of the Rewarding Effects of Mitragynine and 7-Hydroxymitragynine in an Intracranial Self-Stimulation Procedure in Male and Female Rats.” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 215 (October): 108235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108235.

Behonick, George S., Christina Vu, Larry Czarnecki, Maisie El-Ters, and Kevin G. Shanks. 2022. “Two Single-Drug Fatal Intoxications by Mitragynine.” Journal of Analytical Toxicology 46 (5): e110–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkac016.

Bergen-Cico, Dessa, and Kendra MacClurg. 2016. “Chapter 89 - Kratom (Mitragyna Speciosa) Use, Addiction Potential, and Legal Status.” In Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse, edited by Victor R. Preedy, 903–11. San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800634-4.00089-5.

Berthold, Erin C., Shyam H. Kamble, Kanumuri S. Raju, Michelle A. Kuntz, Alexandria S. Senetra, Marco Mottinelli, Francisco León, et al. 2022. “The Lack of Contribution of 7-Hydroxymitragynine to the Antinociceptive Effects of Mitragynine in Mice: A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study.” Drug Metabolism and Disposition: The Biological Fate of Chemicals 50 (2): 158–67. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.121.000640.

Blum, Kenneth, Marcelo Febo, Claudia Fahlke, Trevor Archer, U. Berggren, Zsolt Demetrovics, Kristina Dushaj, and Rajendra D. Badgaiyan. 2015. “Hypothesizing Balancing Endorphinergic and Glutaminergic Systems to Treat and Prevent Relapse to Reward Deficiency Behaviors: Coupling D-Phenylalanine and N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine (NAC) as a Novel Therapeutic Modality.” Clinical Medical Reviews and Case Reports 2 (8). https://doi.org/10.23937/2378-3656/1410076.

Boonmak, Jiraporn. 2020. “Kratom:Herbal medicine and according to southern local knowledge under legal restrictions and misuse in young adult.” Public Health Policy and Laws Journal 6 (1): 211–26. https://so05.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/journal_law/article/view/236997.

Botanical Education Alliance. 2016. “Economic Impact of Kratom Scheduling.” Botanical Education Alliance.

Botejue, Mahesh, Gurjot Walia, Omar Shahin, Jyotsna Sharma, and Rasiq Zackria. 2021. “Kratom-Induced Liver Injury: A Case Series and Clinical Implications.” Cureus 13 (4). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc8148389/.

Botpiboon, O. 2010. “Effects of Caffeine and Codeine on Pharmacokinetics and Antinociceptive Activity of Alkaloid Extract from Leaves of Kratom (Mitragyna Speciosa Korth.).” Edited by Sathaporn Prutipanlai. Prince of Songkla University. https://kb.psu.ac.th/psukb/bitstream/2016/10296/1/326182.pdf.

Bowdring, Molly A., Eric C. Leas, Monika Vishwakarma, Nina C. Schleicher, Judith J. Prochaska, and Lisa Henriksen. 2023. “Kratom Availability in California Vape Shops.” Preventive Medicine Reports, August, 102380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102380.

Boyer, Edward W., Kavita M. Babu, Jessica E. Adkins, Christopher R. McCurdy, and John H. Halpern. 2008. “Self-Treatment of Opioid Withdrawal Using Kratom (Mitragynia Speciosa Korth).” Addiction 103 (6): 1048–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02209.x.

Brogdon, Hazel D., Mackenzie M. McPhee, Mary F. Paine, Emily J. Cox, and Amy G. Burns. 2022. “A Case of Potential Pharmacokinetic Kratom-Drug Interactions Resulting in Toxicity and Subsequent Treatment of Kratom Use Disorder With Buprenorphine/Naloxone.” Journal of Addiction Medicine, February. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000968.

Brose, Julia, Kin H. Lau, Thu Thuy Thi Dang, John P. Hamilton, Lívia do Vale Martins, Britta Hamberger, Bjoern Hamberger, Jiming Jiang, Sarah E. O’Connor, and C. Robin Buell. 2021. “The Mitragyna Speciosa (Kratom) Genome: A Resource for Data-Mining Potent Pharmaceuticals That Impact Human Health.” G3 11 (4). https://doi.org/10.1093/g3journal/jkab058.

Brown, Paula N., Jensen A. Lund, and Susan J. Murch. 2017. “A Botanical, Phytochemical and Ethnomedicinal Review of the Genus Mitragyna Korth: Implications for Products Sold as Kratom.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 202 (April): 302–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.03.020.

Broyan, Viktoriya R., Jessica K. Brar, Tristen Allgaier Student, and Jeffrey T. Allgaier. 2022. “Long-Term Buprenorphine Treatment for Kratom Use Disorder: A Case Series.” Substance Abuse: Official Publication of the Association for Medical Education and Research in Substance Abuse 43 (1): 763–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2021.2010250.

BSSA, WCPA, FOP, & WS & DSA. Letter to Members, Wisconsin State Assembly. 2022. “Law Enforcement Ask Assembly to Oppose Kratom Legalization,” February 16, 2022.

Burke, Devin J., Sarah G. Mahonski, and Anne C. Van Cott. 2021. “Breakthrough Seizure Associated With Kratom Use in Patients With Epilepsy.” Neurology. Clinical Practice 11 (1): 78–84. https://doi.org/10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000846.

Burroughs, Rachel L. 2022. “PRECLINICAL BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENTS OF MITRAGINYNE, THE MAIN PSYCHOACTIVE ALKALOID IN KRATOM.” Doctorate of Philosophy , Western Michigan University.

Castillo, Austin, J. Drew Payne, and Kenneth Nugent. 2017. “Posterior Reversible Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome after Kratom Ingestion.” Proceedings 30 (3): 355–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2017.11929647.

Caudill, Gregory M. D. Fasam. 2022. “Louisiana Society of Addiction Medicine Stance on Kratom.” LSAM.

Chakraborty, Soumen, Jeffrey F. DiBerto, Abdelfattah Faouzi, Sarah M. Bernhard, Anna M. Gutridge, Steven Ramsey, Yuchen Zhou, et al. 2021. “A Novel Mitragynine Analog with Low-Efficacy Mu Opioid Receptor Agonism Displays Antinociception with Attenuated Adverse Effects.” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 64 (18): 13873–92. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01273.

Chakraborty, Soumen, Rajendra Uprety, Amal E. Daibani, Valerie L. Rouzic, Amanda Hunkele, Kevin Appourchaux, Shainnel O. Eans, et al. 2021. “Kratom Alkaloids as Probes for Opioid Receptor Function: Pharmacological Characterization of Minor Indole and Oxindole Alkaloids from Kratom.” ACS Chemical Neuroscience 12 (14): 2661–78. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00149.

Chamblee, Reba Elizabeth Ann. 2019. “A Study of the Kratom Alkaloids and Their Binding to the μ-Opioid Receptor.” University of Mississippi. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/hon_thesis/1147/.

Chan, K. B., C. Pakiam, and Rusyidah A. Rahim. 2005. “Psychoactive Plant Abuse: The Identification of Mitragynine in Ketum and in Ketum Preparations.” Bulletin on Narcotics 57 (1-2): 249–56. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21338025.

Chang-Chien, George C., Charles A. Odonkor, and Prin Amorapanth. 2017. “Is Kratom the New ‘legal High’on the Block?: The Case of an Emerging Opioid Receptor Agonist with Substance Abuse Potential.” Pain Physician 20 (1): E195. https://www.painphysicianjournal.com/current/pdf?article=NDAyMA==&journal=101.

Charoenratana, Sayamol, Cholnapa Anukul, and Apinun Aramrattana. 2021. “Attitudes towards Kratom Use, Decriminalization and the Development of a Community-Based Kratom Control Mechanism in Southern Thailand.” The International Journal on Drug Policy 95 (September): 103197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103197.

Cheaha, Dania, Chayaporn Reakkamnuan, Jakkrit Nukitram, Somsmorn Chittrakarn, Pimpimol Phukpattaranont, Niwat Keawpradub, and Ekkasit Kumarnsit. 2017. “Effects of Alkaloid-Rich Extract from Mitragyna Speciosa (Korth.) Havil. on Naloxone-Precipitated Morphine Withdrawal Symptoms and Local Field Potential in the Nucleus Accumbens of Mice.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 208 (August): 129–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.07.008.

Chear, Nelson Jeng-Yeou, Francisco León, Abhisheak Sharma, Siva Rama Raju Kanumuri, Grant Zwolinski, Khalil A. Abboud, Darshan Singh, et al. 2021. “Exploring the Chemistry of Alkaloids from Malaysian Mitragyna Speciosa (Kratom) and the Role of Oxindoles on Human Opioid Receptors.” Journal of Natural Products 84 (4): 1034–43. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01055.

Chen, Yiming. 2023. “Polypharmacology of Mitragyna Speciosa (‘kratom’) Alkaloids,” May. https://ursa.mercer.edu/handle/10898/13702.

Chinnappan, Justine, Diane Casini, Yasaman Navari, Nageshwari Palanisamy, Niraj Parikh, and Elfateh Seedahmed. 2023. “Kratom-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).” European Journal of Case Reports in Internal Medicine, March. https://doi.org/10.12890/2023_003835.

Chodchoy, Phatraporn, and Theerin Sinchai. 2020a. “The Relationship between Mitragynine Blood Concentrations and Death in Thailand.” Interdisciplinary Research Review 15 (4): 18–21. https://ph02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jtir/article/view/241129.

———. 2020b. “Examining the Urine Mitragynine Concentration in Thai Kratom Abusers and Studying the Effect of Beta-Glucuronidase in the Analysis Process.” Interdisciplinary Research Review 15 (6): 6–9. https://ph02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jtir/article/view/241973.

———. 2021. “The Study of Patterns of Kratom Abuses and Manner of Death in Thai Cadavers from Institute of Forensic Medicine (IFM) in Thailand.” Journal of Criminology and Forensic Science 7 (1): 151–62. https://so02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/forensic/article/view/245736.

Cinosi, Eduardo, Giovanni Martinotti, Pierluigi Simonato, Darshan Singh, Zsolt Demetrovics, Andres Roman-Urrestarazu, Francesco Saverio Bersani, Balasingam Vicknasingam, Giulia Piazzon, Jih-Heng Li, and Others. 2015. “Following ‘the Roots’ of Kratom (Mitragyna Speciosa): The Evolution of an Enhancer from a Traditional Use to Increase Work and Productivity in Southeast Asia to a Recreational Psychoactive Drug in Western Countries.” BioMed Research International 2015. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2015/968786/abs/.

Cinosi, Eduardo, Giovanni Martinotti, Pierluigi Simonato, Darshan Singh, Zsolt Demetrovics, Andres Roman-Urrestarazu, Francesco Saverio Bersani, Balasingam Vicknasingam, Giulia Piazzon, Jih-Heng Li, Wen-Jing Yu, et al. 2015. “Following ‘the Roots’ of Kratom (Mitragyna Speciosa): The Evolution of an Enhancer from a Traditional Use to Increase Work and Productivity in Southeast Asia to a Recreational Psychoactive Drug in Western Countries.” BioMed Research International 2015 (November): 968786. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/968786.

Class Action: Plaintiff vs Martian Sales d/b/a OPMS (Product Liability). 2023 Justia 4. Superior Court Of California In And For The County Of San Diego.

Cock, I. E. 2017. “Mitragyna Speciosa May Be Useful as an Opioid Alternative for Severe Pain Relief. More Research Is Required.” Pharmacognosy Communications 7 (2): 104–5. https://www.researchgate.net/profil...d0f7e9b642814c436/Janus-Corner-PC-2017-72.pdf.

Coe, Marion A., Janine L. Pillitteri, Mark A. Sembower, Karen K. Gerlach, and Jack E. Henningfield. 2019. “Kratom as a Substitute for Opioids: Results from an Online Survey.” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 202 (September): 24–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.005.

Colucci, Stephanie, Sarah Culbreth, Emad Alsarraf, and John Fanikos. 2019. “Why Does the Food and Drug Administration Need to Ban Kratom?” Current Emergency and Hospital Medicine Reports 7 (4): 169–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40138-019-00201-5.

Commons, Kiersen M. 2018. “Cracking down on Kratom: FDA Investigation, Enforcement, Seizure, and Recall of Products Reported to Contain Kratom.” FDLI Update, 40. https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/fdliup2018&section=50.

Coonan, Erin, and William Tatum. 2021. “Kratom: The Safe Legal High?” Epilepsy & Behavior: E&B 117 (April): 107882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.107882.

Corkery, John M., Peter Streete, Hugh Claridge, Christine Goodair, Duccio Papanti, Laura Orsolini, Fabrizio Schifano, Kanav Sikka, Sophie Körber, and Amy Hendricks. 2019. “Characteristics of Deaths Associated with Kratom Use.” Journal of Psychopharmacology 33 (9): 1102–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119862530.

Crowley, Morgan, Samuel Obeng, Avi Patel, Lea Gamez‐Jimenez, Luis Restrepo, Nicholas Ho, Manuel Alvarez, et al. 2021. “Assessment of Contribution of 7‐hydroxymitragynine and Mitragynine Pseudoindoxyl to the MU‐opioid Activity of Mitragynine.” FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 35 (S1). https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.s1.05475.

Cumpston, Kirk L., Michael Carter, and Brandon K. Wills. 2018. “Clinical Outcomes after Kratom Exposures: A Poison Center Case Series.” The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 36 (1): 166–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2017.07.051.

Cutlip, Hunter A., Ella Bushman, Lisa Thottumari, Raja Mogallapu, and Michael Ang-Rabanes. 2021. “A Case Report of Kratom-Induced Psychosis.” Cureus 13 (6): e16073. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.16073.

Damodaran, Thenmoly, Nelson Jeng-Yeou Chear, Vikneswaran Murugaiyah, Mohd Nizam Mordi, and Surash Ramanathan. 2021. “Comparative Toxicity Assessment of Kratom Decoction, Mitragynine and Speciociliatine Versus Morphine on Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Embryos.” Frontiers in Pharmacology 12 (August): 714918. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.714918.

Daniells, Stephen. 2022. “Sixth Time Still Not a Charm: FDA Again Rejects NDIN for Kratom.” Nutra Ingredients USA. February 2, 2022. https://www.nutraingredients-usa.co...not-a-charm-fda-again-rejects-ndin-for-kratom.

Davidson, Christian, Dazhe Cao, Taylore King, Stephanie T. Weiss, Sunun Wongvisavakorn, Natthasiri Ratprasert, Satariya Trakulsrichai, and Sahaphume Srisuma. 2021. “A Comparative Analysis of Kratom Exposure Cases in Thailand and the United States from 2010-2017.” The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 47 (1): 74–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2020.1836185.

Davidson, L., M. Rawat, S. Stojanovski, and P. Chandrasekharan. 2019. “Natural Drugs, Not so Natural Effects: Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Secondary to ‘Kratom.’” Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine 12 (1): 109–12. https://doi.org/10.3233/NPM-1863.

Deebel, Nicholas A., Kyle Scarberry, Collette A. O’Connor, Rahul Dutta, Ethan Matz, Colleen A. Hanlon, and Ryan P. Terlecki. 2023. “Investigating the Impact of Kratom (Mitragyna Speciosa) Use Upon Male Sexual Health.” Research and Reports in Urology 15 (February): 69–76. https://doi.org/10.2147/RRU.S390094.

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